Supplementary Table S5 shows regression coefficients that denote the difference in average DNA methylation level, as derived from the mean methylation ratios across all estimated CpG sites in the F2RL3 gene, and their associated 95%CI relative to the reference group. Multivariable models included adjustment for age, sex (not for stratified models), phase of blood sampling, education level, ethnicity, and smoking (CSI - cumulative smoking index). FWI of 0 was used to classify those as never exposed, >0-population median value as ‘Low exposure’ and ≥population median value as ‘High exposure.’
ARTICLE ABSTRACT
AHRR and F2RL3 hypomethylation has been associated with lung cancer. In this study, we investigated the cross-sectional association between smoking and occupational exposures, and AHRR and F2RL3 methylation.
A case–control study was nested in CARTaGENE to examine the association between AHRR and F2RL3 methylation and lung cancer risk (200 cases; 400 controls). A secondary analysis was conducted using the data collected from this nested study; namely, baseline information on participants’ smoking behavior and longest-held job was obtained. A cumulative smoking index summarized information on the number of cigarettes smoked, duration of smoking, and time since cessation. Exposure to 13 occupational agents was estimated using the Canadian Job Exposure Matrix. In baseline blood samples, methylation ratios of 40 CpG sites in the AHRR and F2RL3 genes were measured using Sequenom EpiTYPER. Separate least squares regression models were used to estimate the associations between smoking and occupational exposures, and average AHRR and F2RL3 methylation levels, while adjusting for confounders identified from directed acyclic graphs.
In both genes, smoking was associated with lower average methylation levels. Occupational exposure to aromatic amines, cadmium, and formaldehyde were associated with lower AHRR methylation while, only benzene was associated with F2RL3 hypomethylation; these associations were stronger among ever smokers.
Our findings support that smoking and occupational exposures to some agents are associated with AHRR and F2RL3 hypomethylation.
Our results inform on mechanisms underlying environmental exposures in lung cancer etiology; future studies should prioritize studying joint exposures.
