PDF file - 481K, Table S-1. SRM Transitions and Collision Energies Table S-2. Equations for Mercapturic Acid Calibration Curves Table S-3. Precision and Accuracy for Mercapturic Acids in Urine, Intra-day (N=6) Table S-4. Concentrations of Mercapturic Acids in Urine of Cigarette Smokers. Comparison with Literature Values. Table S-5. Concentrations of PAH Metabolites in Urine of Smokers. Comparison with Literature Values. Figure S-1A. Chromatograms of urine extracts containing mercapturic acids: Metabolites of acrylamide (AAMA), ethylene oxide (HEMA), and acrolein (3-HPMA). Figure S-1B. Chromatograms of urine extracts containing mercapturic acids: Metabolites of 1,3-butadiene (MHBMA), acrylonitrile (CNEMA), and benzene (PMA). Figure S-1C. Chromatograms of urine extracts containing mercapturic acids: Metabolite of propylene oxide (2-HPMA) and separation from the isomer 3-HPMA. Figure S-2. Butadiene metabolite (MHBMA) calibration curves. Figure S-3. Benzene metabolite (PMA) calibration curves.
ARTICLE ABSTRACT
Background: Smoking tobacco preparations in a water pipe (hookah) is widespread in many places of the world and is perceived by many as relatively safe. We investigated biomarkers of toxicant exposure with water pipe compared with cigarette smoking.Methods: We conducted a crossover study to assess daily nicotine and carcinogen exposure with water pipe and cigarette smoking in 13 people who were experienced in using both products.Results: When smoking an average of 3 water pipe sessions compared with smoking 11 cigarettes per day (cpd), water pipe use was associated with a significantly lower intake of nicotine, greater exposure to carbon monoxide (CO), and a different pattern of carcinogen exposure compared with cigarette smoking, with greater exposure to benzene, and high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), but less exposure to tobacco-specific nitrosamines, 1,3-butadiene, acrolein, acrylonitrile, propylene oxide, ethylene oxide, and low molecular weight PAHs.Conclusions: A different pattern of carcinogen exposure might result in a different cancer risk profile between cigarette and water pipe smoking. Of particular concern is the risk of leukemia related to high levels of benzene exposure with water pipe use.Impact: Smoking tobacco in water pipes has gained popularity in the United States and around the world. Many believe that water pipe smoking is not addictive and less harmful than cigarette smoking. We provide data on toxicant exposure that will help guide regulation and public education regarding water pipe health risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(5); 765–72. ©2013 AACR.