Supplementary Figures 1-4 from Mechanism of Regulation and Suppression of Melanoma Invasiveness by Novel Retinoic Acid Receptor-γ Target Gene Carbohydrate Sulfotransferase 10
ARTICLE ABSTRACT
Retinoic acid (RA) induces growth arrest and differentiation of S91 murine melanoma cells and serves as a valuable model for this disease. RA acts through activation of RA receptors (RAR), which are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-inducible transcription factors. Interestingly, differentiation is mediated by RARγ, but not by RARα or RARβ, suggesting that RARγ possesses unique and uncharacterized molecular properties. To address this question, DNA microarrays in combination with RAR isoform-specific agonists were employed to identify novel RARγ target genes that may play a role in this process. Here, we identified and validated carbohydrate sulfotransferase 10 (CHST10) as a novel RARγ target gene in S91 cells. The RARγ-inducible CHST10 promoter was obtained, and two atypical, independently functioning RA response elements were identified in a 425 bp region. Surprisingly, this fragment is bound by RARγ, but not by RARα or RARβ, thus providing a mechanism for the observed RARγ-specific regulation. CHST10 is a sulfotransferase that forms HNK-1 glycan on neural cell adhesion proteins and glycolipids, and HNK-1 is thought to modulate cell adhesion and possibly metastasis. We show that CHST10 is also regulated by RARγ in a significant subset of human melanoma cells, and three-dimensional cell culture migration assays suggest that CHST10 functions as a suppressor of invasiveness, but not proliferation, in these cells. Induction of CHST10 by RARγ-activating retinoids may present a novel therapeutic strategy to inhibit invasiveness in a subset of melanoma patients. [Cancer Res 2009;69(12):5218–25]
