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Supplementary Figure 4 from Chromatin Helicase CHD6 Establishes Proinflammatory Enhancers and Is a Synthetic Lethal Target in FH-Deficient Renal Cell Carcinoma

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posted on 2025-02-17, 08:20 authored by Juan Jin, Jun Luo, Xiaodong Jin, Kiat Shenq Lim, Yang He, Jiawei Ding, Yan Shen, Yuchen Hou, Hanqing Liu, Xiaoyu Zhu, Jing Zhao, Wenjie Zhou, Hai Huang, Yi Gao, Jun Xiao, Hongchao He, Qunyi Li, Lianxin Liu, Li Chen, Qiang He, Chuanjie Zhang

Supplementary Figure 4. CHD6 activates NF-κB signaling to potentiate FH-deficient RCC malignancy, related to Figure 5. A. Volcano plot showing differentially expressed genes in UOK-262 cells upon CHD6 knockdown. B. Unsupervised cluster analysis of differentially expressed genes in control and CHD6 knockdown UOK-262 cells. C. ATAC-seq signals showing the profiles of OCRs across the indicated peaks in UOK262 cells with versus without CHD6 knockdown. D. Heatmap exhibiting the significance of transcription factor motifs enriched in accessible loci derived from control and CHD6-KD UOK262 cells. NF-κB motif is dominantly highlighted. E. Venn diagram showing overlapping hits, defined as CHD6-signature, with CHD6 ChIP-seq peaks and changes in OCRs (ATAC-seq) and differentially expressed genes (RNA-seq). F. Western blotting assays and Co-IP analysis showing the altered CHD6-p65 interactions in UOK-262 cells with or without FH restoration. G-H. MTT (G), colony formation (H-left) assays were performed in control and p65-KD UOK-262 cells. Colony formation assays performed in p65-depleted UOK-262 cells with or without CHD6 overexpression (H-right). I. Quantification of colony formation numbers in indicated groups from (H). J. Effects of JSH-23 treatment (1 mg/kg) on UOK262-derived xenografts, as indicated (n = 6 per group, 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). Treatment started when tumors reached 50–100 mm3. K. ChIP-qPCR analysis of CHD6, Pol II-S5P and S2P in the promoter regions of the indicated genes in WT and CHD6-KO UOK-262 cells with restoration of WT CHD6. P values were calculated using 2-tailed Student’s t-test (H, K). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. ns, no significance.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)

Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipality (上海市自然科学基金)

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ARTICLE ABSTRACT

Fumarate hydratase (FH) deficiency causes hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). FH-deficient tumors lack effective therapeutic options. Here, we utilized an epigenetic-focused single-guide RNA library to elucidate potential drug targets in FH-deficient tumors. The screen identified chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 6 (CHD6) as an essential regulator of the growth of FH-mutated RCC. Mechanically, FH loss induced fumarate-mediated succinylation and inactivation of KEAP1, blocking subsequent ubiquitin–proteasome degradation of CHD6. Stabilized CHD6 formed a complex with p65 to establish proinflammatory enhancers and thereby regulate NF-κB–mediated transcription. Moreover, CHD6 recruited mSWI/SNF ATPases to maintain chromatin accessibility at CHD6-bound enhancers. The PROTAC degrader of SMARCA2/4 AU-15330 effectively abolished structures of cis-regulatory elements bound by CHD6 and suppressed the growth of FH-mutated, but not FH-intact, RCC in vivo. Collectively, these data indicate that CHD6 is a molecular bridge between FH deficiency and proinflammatory enhancer assembly that endows FH-deficient tumors with epigenetic vulnerabilities.Significance: CHD6 links FH deficiency to aberrant NF-κB activity in renal cell carcinoma, highlighting an epigenetic vulnerability for this rare tumor subtype.