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Supplementary Figure 1 from Chromatin Helicase CHD6 Establishes Proinflammatory Enhancers and Is a Synthetic Lethal Target in FH-Deficient Renal Cell Carcinoma

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posted on 2025-02-17, 08:20 authored by Juan Jin, Jun Luo, Xiaodong Jin, Kiat Shenq Lim, Yang He, Jiawei Ding, Yan Shen, Yuchen Hou, Hanqing Liu, Xiaoyu Zhu, Jing Zhao, Wenjie Zhou, Hai Huang, Yi Gao, Jun Xiao, Hongchao He, Qunyi Li, Lianxin Liu, Li Chen, Qiang He, Chuanjie Zhang

Supplementary Figure 1. Library and cells used for in vivo epigenetic CRISPR screen, related to Figure 1. A. Schematic diagram of FH mutations and related distributions in the indicated protein domains. B. Intracellular fumarate levels were measured in a panel of indicated RCC cell lines. C. Lorenz curve showing the distribution of sgRNAs in the epigenetic-focused library. D. Workflow showing the generation of the UOK- or ACHN-clones without Cas9 for evaluating the distribution of guides that persist upon tumour formation from the tumour initiating cells (TICs), and the UOK- or ACHN-clones with Cas9 were used for further in vivo screens. E. Western blot showing superior Cas9 expressions in UOK-Cas9-Clone 5 and ACHN-Clone 4. F. Cell viability of UOK-Cas9-Clone 5 and ACHN-Cas9-Clone 4 transfected with sgRNAs targeting the essential gene CCND1. G. Representative tumor graph and growth curve of sgRNA library transduced UOK-Cas9-Clone 5 & ACHN-Cas9-Clone 4 subcutaneously injected into BABL/c nude mice. H. Percentage of maintained sgRNAs in mice injected with UOK-Clone 5 library (without Cas9) and ACHN-clone 4 library (without Cas9) cells. I. Volcano plot revealing the targets with altered sgRNA frequencies with a cutoff of p < 0.01 and log2 fold change (log2FC) > 2. J. MTT analysis showing the effects of siRNA KD of 9 CHD family genes on FH-deficient cells, respectively. The quantitative results shown are representative of 5 experiments. P values were calculated using a two-tailed unpaired t-test (F, J). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)

Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipality (上海市自然科学基金)

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ARTICLE ABSTRACT

Fumarate hydratase (FH) deficiency causes hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). FH-deficient tumors lack effective therapeutic options. Here, we utilized an epigenetic-focused single-guide RNA library to elucidate potential drug targets in FH-deficient tumors. The screen identified chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 6 (CHD6) as an essential regulator of the growth of FH-mutated RCC. Mechanically, FH loss induced fumarate-mediated succinylation and inactivation of KEAP1, blocking subsequent ubiquitin–proteasome degradation of CHD6. Stabilized CHD6 formed a complex with p65 to establish proinflammatory enhancers and thereby regulate NF-κB–mediated transcription. Moreover, CHD6 recruited mSWI/SNF ATPases to maintain chromatin accessibility at CHD6-bound enhancers. The PROTAC degrader of SMARCA2/4 AU-15330 effectively abolished structures of cis-regulatory elements bound by CHD6 and suppressed the growth of FH-mutated, but not FH-intact, RCC in vivo. Collectively, these data indicate that CHD6 is a molecular bridge between FH deficiency and proinflammatory enhancer assembly that endows FH-deficient tumors with epigenetic vulnerabilities.Significance: CHD6 links FH deficiency to aberrant NF-κB activity in renal cell carcinoma, highlighting an epigenetic vulnerability for this rare tumor subtype.