Supplementary Data from Critical Role of Gα<sub>12</sub> and Gα<sub>13</sub> for Human Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Proliferation <i>In vitro</i> and Tumor Growth <i>In vivo</i>
ARTICLE ABSTRACT
Purpose: In small cell lung cancer cells (SCLC), various autocrine stimuli lead to the parallel activation of Gq/11 and G12/13 proteins. Although the contribution of the Gq/11-phospholipase C-β cascade to mitogenic effects in SCLC cells is well established, the relevance of G12/13 signaling is still elusive. In other tumor entities, G12/13 activation promotes invasiveness without affecting cellular proliferation. Here, we investigate the role of G12/13-dependent signaling in SCLC.Experimental Design: We used small hairpin RNA–mediated targeting of Gα12, Gα13, or both in H69 and H209 cells and analyzed the effects of Gα12 and/or Gα13 knockdown on tumor cells in vitro, tumor growth in vivo, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation.Results: Lentiviral expression of small hairpin RNAs resulted in robust and specific Gα12 and Gα13 knockdown as well as markedly inhibited proliferation, colony formation, and bradykinin-promoted stimulation of cell growth. Analyzing the activation status of all three major MAPK families revealed nonredundant functions of Gα12 and Gα13 in SCLC and a marked p42/p44 activation upon Gα12/Gα13 knockdown. In a s.c. tumor xenograft mouse model, Gα12 or Gα13 downregulation led to decreased tumor growth due to reduced tumor cell proliferation. More importantly, Gα12/Gα13 double knockdown completely abolished H69 tumorigenicity in mice.Conclusions: Gα12 and Gα13 exert a complex pattern of nonredundant effects in SCLC, and in contrast to other tumor types, SCLC cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo critically depend on G12/13 signaling. Due to the complete abolishment of tumorgenicity in our study, RNAi-mediated double knockdown may provide a promising new avenue in SCLC treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 16(5); 1402–15
