Supplemental Figure 1. GPS and Physical Activity Data Overlaid on a. Greenness and b. Neighborhood Walkability. Supplemental Figure 2. Nonlinear Relationship between Activity and a. Greenness and b. Neighborhood Walkability in Dataset Excluding Outliers (>3 Standard Deviations from Mean Accelerometer Counts). Supplemental Figure 3. Greenness and Physical Activity Stratified by Race. Supplemental Figure 4. Greenness and Physical Activity Stratified by Educational Attainment. Supplemental Figure 5. Greenness and Physical Activity Stratified by Employment Status. Supplemental Figure 6. Greenness and Physical Activity Stratified by Annual Household Income. Supplemental Figure 7. Greenness and Physical Activity Stratified by Sampling. Season Supplemental Figure 8. Greenness and Physical Activity Stratified by Weekday / Weekend. Supplemental Figure 9. Walkability Index and Physical Activity Stratified by Race. Supplemental Figure 10. Walkability Index and Physical Activity Stratified by Educational Attainment. Supplemental Figure 11. Walkability Index and Physical Activity Stratified by Employment Status. Supplemental Figure 12. Walkability Index and Physical Activity Stratified by Annual Household Income. Supplemental Figure 13. Walkability Index and Physical Activity Stratified by Sampling Season. Supplemental Figure 14. Walkability Index and Physical Activity Stratified by Weekday / Weekend.
Funding
NCI Centers for Transdisciplinary Research on Energetics and Cancer
NIH
Harvard NHLBI Cardiovascular Epidemiology Training Grant T32
National Cancer Institute of the NIH Award
ARTICLE ABSTRACT
Background: Physical inactivity is a risk factor for cancer that may be influenced by environmental factors. Indeed, dense and well-connected built environments and environments with natural vegetation may create opportunities for higher routine physical activity. However, studies have focused primarily on residential environments to define exposure and self-reported methods to estimate physical activity. This study explores the momentary association between minute-level global positioning systems (GPS)-based greenness exposure and time-matched objectively measured physical activity.Methods: Adult women were recruited from sites across the United States. Participants wore a GPS device and accelerometer on the hip for 7 days to assess location and physical activity at minute-level epochs. GPS records were linked to 250 m resolution satellite-based vegetation data and Census Block Group-level U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Smart Location Database walkability data. Minute-level generalized additive mixed models were conducted to test for associations between GPS measures and accelerometer count data, accounting for repeated measures within participant and allowing for deviations from linearity using splines.Results: Among 360 adult women (mean age of 55.3 ± 10.2 years), we observed positive nonlinear relationships between physical activity and both greenness and walkability. In exploratory analyses, the relationships between environmental factors and physical activity were strongest among those who were white, had higher incomes, and who were middle-aged.Conclusions: Our results indicate that higher levels of physical activity occurred in areas with higher greenness and higher walkability.Impact: Findings suggest that planning and design policies should focus on these environments to optimize opportunities for physical activity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(4); 525–32. ©2017 AACR.See all the articles in this CEBP Focus section, “Geospatial Approaches to Cancer Control and Population Sciences.”
