ARTICLE ABSTRACT
Patient behavior and physiology can directly affect cancer metabolism. Smoking is the leading risk factor for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we identified that smoking modulates lung cancer cell metabolism through altered protein post-translational modification. Proteomic analyses identified elevated K251 succinylation (K251-Su) of GAPDH, a key enzyme in glycolysis, in NSCLC samples, and GAPDH K251-Su was significantly higher in patients who smoke compared with nonsmokers. Exposure of lung cancer cells to cigarette smoke extract led to increased uptake of glutamine and enhanced GAPDH K251-Su. Glutamine uptake by cancer cells in hypoxic and nutrient-deficient microenvironments provided succinyl-CoA donors for GAPDH succinylation at K251, which was catalyzed by acyltransferase p300. K251-Su increased GAPDH stability by suppressing TRIM4-mediated K254 ubiquitination. GAPDH K251-Su enhanced glycolysis and glutamine reductive carboxylation to meet the demands for cell growth and to support survival in hypoxic and nutrient-depleted conditions, promoting tumor growth and metastasis. These findings indicate that tobacco smoking mediates metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells through succinylation of GAPDH to drive NSCLC progression.
Smoking-induced GAPDH succinylation coordinates glycolysis and glutamine metabolism and supports lung cancer cell survival in stressful microenvironments to promote tumor progression, highlighting quitting smoking as a potential strategy to target cancer metabolism.
