<p>Supplementary Fig. S1. Spheroid cells derived from human ovarian cancer show characteristics of CSCs. Supplementary Fig. S2. High levels of ALDH activity are associated with CSC-related characteristics. Supplementary Fig. S3. ALDH activity is required for SOX2 expression and proliferation of ovarian CSCs. Supplementary Fig. S4. ALDH1A1 mediates SOX2 expression and proliferation of ovarian CSCs. Supplementary Fig. S5. Feedback regulation by ALDH1A1 and SOX2 for the proliferation of ovarian CSCs.</p>
ARTICLE ABSTRACT
The establishment of cancer stem-like cell (CSC) culture systems may be instrumental in devising strategies to fight refractory cancers. Inhibition of the Rho kinase ROCK has been shown to favorably affect CSC spheroid cultures. In this study, we show how ROCK inhibition in human serous ovarian cancer (SOC) cells can help establish a CSC system, which illuminates cancer pathophysiology and its treatment in this setting. In the presence of a ROCK kinase inhibitor, spheroid cultures of SOC cells expressed characteristic CSC markers including ALDH1A1, CD133, and SOX2, along with differentiation and tumorigenic capabilities in mouse xenograft models of human SOC. High expression levels of ALDH, but not CD133, correlated with spheroid formation CSC marker expression and tumor forming capability. In clinical specimens of SOC, high levels of ALDH1A1 correlated with advanced stage and poor prognosis. Pharmacologic or genetic blockade of ALDH blocked cell proliferation and reduced expression of SOX2, the genetic ablation of which abolished spheroid formation, whereas SOX2 overexpression inhibited ALDH1A1 expression and blocked spheroid proliferation. Taken together, our findings illustrated a new method to culture human ovarian CSC, and they defined a reciprocal regulatory relationship between ALDH1A1 and SOX2, which impacts ovarian CSC proliferation and malignant progression. Cancer Res; 76(1); 150–60. ©2015 AACR.
