Supplementary Figure S1. White adipose tissue inflammation. A. CLS-B positive breast WAT. H&E (upper panel) and anti-CD68 immunostaining (lower panel); 40x (left panel) and 400x (right panel). Arrow indicates CLS-B. B. CLS-B negative breast WAT. H&E (upper panel) and anti-CD68 immunostaining (lower panel); 40x (left panel) and 400x (right panel). WAT, white adipose tissue; CLS-B, crown-like structures of the breast.
Funding
NIH
NCI
Clinical and Translational Science
Conquer Cancer Foundation
Botwinick-Wolfensohn Foundation
MSKCC
Breast Cancer Research Foundation
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
ARTICLE ABSTRACT
Purpose: Obesity, insulin resistance, and elevated levels of circulating proinflammatory mediators are associated with poorer prognosis in early-stage breast cancer. To investigate whether white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation represents a potential unifying mechanism, we examined the relationship between breast WAT inflammation and the metabolic syndrome and its prognostic importance.Experimental Design: WAT inflammation was defined by the presence of dead/dying adipocytes surrounded by macrophages forming crown-like structures (CLS) of the breast. Two independent groups were examined in cross-sectional (cohort 1) and retrospective (cohort 2) studies. Cohort 1 included 100 women undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer risk reduction (n = 10) or treatment (n = 90). Metabolic syndrome–associated circulating factors were compared by CLS-B status. The association between CLS of the breast and the metabolic syndrome was validated in cohort 2, which included 127 women who developed metastatic breast cancer. Distant recurrence-free survival (dRFS) was compared by CLS-B status.Results: In cohorts 1 and 2, breast WAT inflammation was detected in 52 of 100 (52%) and 52 of 127 (41%) patients, respectively. Patients with breast WAT inflammation had elevated insulin, glucose, leptin, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and IL6 and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and adiponectin (P < 0.05) in cohort 1. In cohort 2, breast WAT inflammation was associated with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes (P < 0.05). Compared with patients without breast WAT inflammation, the adjusted HR for dRFS was 1.83 (95% CI, 1.07–3.13) for patients with inflammation.Conclusions: WAT inflammation, a clinically occult process, helps to explain the relationship between metabolic syndrome and worse breast cancer prognosis. Clin Cancer Res; 22(9); 2283–9. ©2015 AACR.
